Heroin

What Is It?

Heroin is an addictive drug, and its use is a serious problem in America. Recent studies suggest a shift from injecting heroin to snorting or smoking because of increased purity and the misconception that these forms are safer.

Heroin is processed from morphine, a naturally occurring substance extracted from the seed pod of the Asian poppy plant. Heroin usually appears as a white or brown powder. Street names for heroin include “smack,” “H,” “skag,” and “junk.” Other names may refer to types of heroin produced in a specific geographical area, such as “Mexican black tar.”

Health Hazards

Heroin abuse is associated with serious health conditions, including:

• Fatal overdose

• Spontaneous abortion

• Collapsed veins

• Infectious diseases, including HIV / AIDS and hepatitis, particularly in users who inject the drug.

 

 

Short-term Effects

The short-term effects of heroin abuse appear soon after a single dose and disappear in a few hours. After an injection of heroin:

• The user reports feeling a surge of euphoria (“rush”) accompanied by a warm flushing of the skin, a dry mouth, and heavy extremities.

• Following this initial euphoria, the user goes “on the nod,” an alternately wakeful and drowsy state.

• Mental functioning becomes clouded due to the depression of the central nervous system.

Long-term Effects

Long-term effects of heroin appear after repeated use for some period of time. Chronic users may develop:

• Collapsed veins

• Infection of the heart lining and valves

• Abscesses

• Cellulitis

• Liver Disease

• Pulmonary complications, including various types of pneumonia, may result from the poor health condition of the abuser, as well as from heroin’s depressing effects on respiration

In addition to the effects of the drug itself, street heroin may have additives that do not readily dissolve and result in clogging the blood vessels that lead to the lungs,liver, kidneys, or brain. This can cause infection or even death of small patches of cells in vital organs.

The Drug Abuse Warning Network* lists heroin/morphine among the three most frequently mentioned drugs reported in drug-related death cases in 2001. Nationwide, heroin emergency department mentions were statistically unchanged from 2001 to 2002, but have increased 35 percent since 1995.

Tolerance, Addiction, and Withdrawal

With regular heroin use, tolerance develops. This means the abuser must use more heroin to achieve the same intensity of effect. As higher doses are used over time, physical dependence and addiction develop. With physical dependence, the body has adapted to the presence of the drug and withdrawal symptoms may occur if use is reduced or stopped.

Withdrawal, which in regular abusers may occur as early as a few hours after the last administration, produces drug craving, restlessness, muscle and bone pain, insomnia, diarrhea and vomiting, cold flashes with goose bumps (“cold turkey”), kicking movements (“kicking the habit”), and other symptoms. Major withdrawal symptoms peak between 48 and 72 hours after the last dose and subside after about a week. Sudden withdrawal by heavily dependent users who are in poor health is occasionally fatal, although heroin withdrawal is considered less dangerous than alcohol or barbiturate withdrawal.

Treatment

There is a broad range of treatment options for heroin addiction, including medication as well as behavioral therapies. Science has taught us that when medication treatment is integrated with other supportive services, patients are often able to stop heroin (or other opiate) use and return to more stable and productive lives.

In November 1991, the National Institutes of Health (NIH) convened a Consensus Panel on Effective Medical Treatment of Heroin Addiction. The panel of national experts concluded that opiate drug addictions are diseases of the brain and medical disorders that indeed can be treated effectively. The panel strongly recommended (1) broader access to methadone maintenance treatment programs for people who are addicted to heroin or other opiate drugs; and (2) the Federal and State regulations and other barriers impeding this access be eliminated. This panel also stressed the importance of providing substance abuse counseling, psychosocial therapies, and other supportive services to enhance retention and successful outcomes in methadone maintenance treatment programs.

Methadone, a synthetic opiate medication that blocks the effects of heroin for about 24 hours, has a proven record of success when prescribed at a high enough dosage level for people addicted to heroin. Other approved medications are naioxone, which is used to treat cases of overdose, and naltrexone, both of which block the effects of morphine, heroin and other opiates.

Buprenorphine is a recent addition to the array of medications now available for treating addiction to heroin and other opiates. This medication is different from methadone in that it offers less risk of addiction and can be dispensed in the privacy of a doctor’s office. Several other medications for use in heroin treatment programs are also under study.

There are many effective behavioral treatments available for heroin addiction. These can include residential and outpatient approaches. Several new behavioral therapies are showing particular promise for heroin addiction. Contingency management therapy uses a voucher-based system, where patients earn “points” based on negative drug tests, which they can exchange for items that encourage healthful living. Cognitive-behavioral interventions are designed to help modify the patient’s thinking, expectancies, and behaviors and to increase skills in coping with various life stressors.

Extent of Use

Monitoring the Future Survey (MTF)**
are almost 50 percent lower than recent peak rates in all three grades surveyed. However, only use by 10th-graders showed a significant decline in the past year.

Heroin Use by Students, 2003:
Monitoring the Future Survey

 8th-Graders10th-Graders12th-Graders

Ever Used***1.6 %1.5 %1.5 %

Used in Past Year0.9 %0.7 %0.8 %

Used in Past Month0.4 %0.3 %0.4 %

Community Epidemiology Work Group (CEWG) †
In June 2003, CEWG members reported that heroin indicators were relatively stable, but maintained high levels in Boston, Chicago, Detroit, Newark, Philadelphia, and San Francisco. Primary heroin treatment admissions ranged from 62 to 82 percent of all illicit drug admissions (excluding alcohol) in Baltimore, Boston, and Newark; rates of heroin ED mentions exceeded 100 per 100,000 in Chicago and Newark; and heroin/opiate-related deaths ranged between 275 and 496 in Philadelphia, Baltimore, Chicago and Detroit.

National Household Survey on Drug Abuse (NHSDA) ††
The 2002 NSDUH study reports that since the mid-1990′s, the prevalence of lifetime heroin use increased for both youth and young adults. From 1995 to 2002, the rate among youth age 12 to 17 increased from 0.1 to 0.4 percent; among young adults age 18 to 25, the rate rose from 0.8 to 1.6 percent. In the past year, 404,000 Americans age 12 and older reported using heroin, and 3.7 million reported using it at least once in their lives.

* The Drug Abuse Warning Network survey is funded by the Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration.
** These data are from the 2003 Monitoring the Future Survey, funded by the National Institute of Health, DHHS, and conducted by the University of Michigan’s Institute for Social Research. The survey has tracked 12-th graders’ illicit drug use and related attitudes since 1975; in 1991, 8th and 10th-graders were added to the study.
*** “Ever used” refers to use at least once during a respondent’s lifetime. “Past year” refers to an individual’s drug use at least once during the year preceding their response to the survey. “Past month” refers to an individual’s drug use at least once during the month preceding their response to the survey.
† CEWG is a NIDA-sponsored network of researchers from 21 major U.S. metropolitan areas and selected foreign countries who meet semiannually to discuss the current epidemiology of drug abuse. CEWG’s most recent report is Epidemiologic Trends in Drug Abuse, Volume I, June 2003.
†† NSDUH (formerly known as the National Household Survey on Drug Abuse) is an annual survey conducted by the Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration.
Revised 4/04

Reference:
National Institute on Drug Abuse (NIDA), is part of the National Institutes of Health (NIH), a component of the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services.